Jean Piaget The Oldest Sibling Of Three Children And The...

In this paper I will be speaking about Jean Piaget and his studies during his life time that has created new thought processes for children psychology and those same processes that are still being used to this day by many other fields and set some foundation for his knowledge that he made in life. Biography/Background Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896 to Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. He was the oldest sibling of three children and the only son. The start to his brilliant scientific career was made while Jean was in high school and did a short paper about albino sparrows and he would continue onto make over sixty books and hundreds of articles. During his late teens to early adulthood Piaget learned that he had an increasing interest in mollusks and would lead to him becoming a accomplished malacologist, which is someone that studies the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca phylum After his high school career he moved on to the University of Neuchatel where he obtained his Ph.D. During that time he created two philosophical essays and these would lead to his general orientation for thought process. Later in his life he spent a semester in the University of Zurich and began to find interest in psychoanalysis and this caused him to leave Switzerland and journey to France. After arriving in France he would go on to help study and standardize Burt’s test of intelligence and complete his first study on theShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of The Human Being Essay2159 Words   |  9 Pageshuman being has been a topic that has been researched and studied by several professionals throughout the years. Some well-known professionals such as Jean Piaget, Erik Erickson, and Lawrence Kohlberg have brought up several well-known theories. These professionals came up with their beliefs of what the human development looks like, but as to all three, not everyone agreed with their theories. As stated before, the human development can be very divergent depending on geographic location, the timingRead MoreChildhood Is Not A Simple Period Of Existence Essay2163 Words   |  9 PagesThe rationale for childhood studies according to James (2004) implements an interdisciplinary approach regarding the study of children a nd childhood. In other words, the traditional boundaries between disciplines, drawing together diverse theories and ideas are intersected to better understand the experience of childhood (James, 2004). Prior to childhood studies, children were viewed as incompetent and undeveloped adults, thus resulting in the assumption that they had neither self-help skills nor

Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral Essay

â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is a very lengthy but short story. The story is about a blind man named Robert whose goes to stay with a friend of his and her husband after the passing of a loved one. The wife of the husband kept in touch with the blind man through audiotapes and later finds out that his wife has passed. So she invites him to come and stay with her and her husband. The narrator of this story is the wife’s husband who also isn’t named. The speaker tries to ignore the fact that he’s a little disturbed and irritated that a friend of his wife is coming to stay with them, let alone the man is blind. Nothing really happens in this story its typical and very calm. A husband and wife and their guest have a couple drinks, eat dinner then watch TV. The wife and the blind man try and catch up with each other while the husband tries to find several ways to interact with the two. Considering the fact that this is the first time he and the blind man have ever met. But as the story goes on, it gets really interesting and it makes you want to know what will happen next? The way the husband was acting I had imagined that the wife would leave her husband for the blind man simply because of how well the two gelled and meshed as if they have been connected to entire life but in a friendly way. In the story â€Å"Cathedral,† the author wants his audience to turn their brains off physically and use the most important part of our body. He wants them to use their mind. In order for us toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound luxuries such as color television, this short s tory is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adults ranging from thirty to forty years old, the 1980’s were possibly a ghostly, hauntingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1426 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis in Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†: The Narrator Literature has the potential to act as a mirror by presenting people’s lived experiences, expectations, and perceptions through characters. Such is what can be deciphered through the analysis of different characters in Raymond Carver’s story â€Å"Cathedral.† This paper focuses on the narrator of the story portrayed by the author as blind, which is used metaphorically not to imply physical blindness, but the inability to have reasonedRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1006 Words   |  5 Pages Gabrielle Sobolewski English 200 Professor Ruth Jennison 11/12/15 The short story â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is told from the perspective of a first-person narrator. Throughout the story, the narrator is self-absorbed in his own thoughts and emotions and fails in his willingness to overlook personal insecurities in order to accommodate others’ discomfort, i.e. predominantly his wife and the blind man. In general, the story lacks figurative language and is told in short, directRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 970 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s short story, â€Å"Cathedral†, we meet the character who is never named, and who is known as the narrator to us. Although the narrator’s character changed towards the end, and we don’t really learn much after the change of his personality, it is still a gradual change that took place. The narrator’s attitude is very important in the story because it revolves around him and the way he views things. This short story is about a m an who is married to a woman, and this woman has been friendsRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 1097 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2015 Cathedral by Raymond Carver In this short story by Raymond Carver begins with a man whose wife invited a good friend over named Robert and is blind. Before Roberts Arrival, the wife’s husband, whose name is Bub, does not know what to make out of his wife’s good friend Robert coming over to their house. Carver utilizes a story of a blind man who changes Bub’s outlook in life. Through the narrators changing character, theme of loneliness and jealousy, and the cathedral being a symbolRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral 943 Words   |  4 PagesIn Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral†, the short story is told by a character within the story. The first-person point of view gives us a transparent visual of an important time in the narrators’ life. The narrator, who is â€Å"un-named† in the beginning of the story, uses blunt, flawless and a particular choice of words. This gives us as the reader a deeper connection with the narrator. The narrator begins this story by taking us through the changes he go through with the uneasy feeling of having a blind-manRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s The Cathedral 863 Words   |  4 Pages One of the Raymond Carver story where we can find a lot of religion symbols; it is â€Å"Cathedral.† The story develops an ironic situation in which a blind man teaches a sighted man to truly â€Å"see† for the first time. Near the end of the story, Carver has these two characters work together on a drawing of a cathedral, which serves as the symbolic heart of the story. The cathedral represents true sight, the ability to see beyond the surface to the true meaning that lies within. The narrator’s drawingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1794 Words   |  8 Pages A Cynics Enlightenment Raymond Carver’s short-story Cathedral is outwardly about a pessimistic man, whose wife’s blind visitor named Robert changes the narrators predisposing perception of the world and awakes a new view on life in the process. But inwardly, the story is about the desperate need for connection between these three characters, which isn’t feasible do to the emotional-detachment by the narrator. In the beginning, the narrator is hindered by his prejudices which doesn t allow himRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral2364 Words   |  10 Pagesmost. The same could be said about people who are limited by one or more of their six senses and are judged by the majority of the population who are not limited and make preconceived notions about these limitations which can bind them. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† explores many literary devices that reveal the pre conceived perception towards people with physical limitations without understanding the indi vidual first, which is still a problem today. The protagonist, the narrator is closed mindedRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1524 Words   |  7 PagesAs if someone has unlocked his prison cell to liberate him of his stereotypical point of view. The protagonist of Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† was an individual whose stagnant mind has blind him from truly seeing the aspects and characteristics of people around him. Before meeting his wife’s blind friend whose name is Robert, the protagonist perceives reality with a stereotypical mind-set shaped by misleading information from movies. Hence, he make judgement about other people without ever setting

Donation Behavior Free Essays

string(159) " buy their necessity goods, take care of their family and are overall secure enough not have to worry about an uncertain future \(Knowles Gomes, 2010\)\." Group E Group E VU University 2011-2012 VU University 2011-2012 Donation Behaviour Noortje Vlek 2500825, Danny Kornman 2500148, Nicole Prince 2163470 Business Research Methods IBA1. 04 14th of October 2010 Teacher; Maria Aladjem Table of Contents 1. Introduction and problem statement3 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Donation Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hypothesis Development4 2. 1 Personal link to the cause and intention to donate4 2. 2 Good brand personality of a non-profit organization and intention to donate4 2. 3 Income in relation to the intention to donate5 3. Method6 3. 1 Sample Procedure6 3. 2 Measurement instruments6 3. Statistical analyses7 4. Results8 4. 1 Descriptive statistics8 4. 2 A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (hypothesis 1)9 4. 3 A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (hypothesis 2)9 4. 4 People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. (hypothesis 3)9 5. Conclusion and Discussion11 5. 1 Conclusions11 5. 2 Shortcomings and future research11 5. 3 Theoretical implications12 5. 4 Practical implications12 References12 1. Introduction and problem statement Nonprofit organizations are providing many critical services (e. g. culture activities, environmental issues, education, healthcare) since the 16th century (Venable, Rose, Bush Gilbert, 2005). But in the last couple of decades Non-profit organizations are facing a lot of difficulties. Government has decided to reduce costs and therefore a significant reduction in governmental funding of donation programs has been made. (Venable, Rose, Bush Gilbert, 2005) For instance, in England, government has decided to cut in charity funding. Non-profit sector in England will receive ? 10m less this year. Government regulations are not the only difficulty non-profit organizations have to deal with. Due to the economic crisis, the donations of non-profit organizations are decreasing. Only 12% of the non-profit organizations in the United States of America expect to run above the break-even point this year. Non-profit organizations that think they are able to cover their operating expenses is only 16 percent in both 2009 and 2010. People are saving rather than spending their money. The first cost they cut is giving money to charity. This is why the economy is slowly recovering. But at the same time the number of volunteers is increasing. Number of non-profit organizations has shown an explicit growth. In 1940 there were only 12. 500 non-profit organizations, in the United States of America. Today there are over 1,500,000 non-profit organizations registered. This is an increase of 12,000 %. Which lead to much more competition in the non-profit organizations sector. Therefore non-profit organizations are receiving less money. If we sum up all the above we come to following research question: What are the factors that have an effect on the intention to donate? . Hypothesis Development 2. 1 Personal link to the cause and intention to donate To convince people to donate to a charity, it is important for non-profit organizations to understand that people who have a link to the purpose of an organization are more likely to help them realizing their goals. Previous studies have shown that when an individual has a personal link to the goal of a non-profit organizati on, he or she will probably be more likely to donate to this organization (Sargeant Woodlife, 2007) E. g. If someone has just been cured of cancer, this person knows how it is feels how it is to go through such an experience and would be more likely to donate to an organization that does research on a cure for this disease, like the American Cancer Society (ACS). The person donating doesn’t only do so because he/she has been told what good it would do for others, but mainly because this person has gone true the same experience as the one being donated to. The impact of this experience leads to a loyal donor. Therefore we expect that the more an individual is linked to the cause of an organization, the more likely this person is willing to donate: H1: A personal link to the cause has a positive direct effect on the intention to donate. 2. 2 Good brand personality of a non-profit organization and intention to donate Another factor that plays a role in donating is brand personality. As can be read in previous studies, non-profit organizations with a bad reputation discourage people from donating to these organizations (Knowles Gomes, 2010). For instance Greenpeace has a very aggressive way of disapproving of certain companies or even certain government policies. They are often accused of being involved in illegal acts. This puts this organization in a difficult spot. People who are thinking of becoming a donor will take this into account. That is why it is important for a non-profit to have a good reputation. This can be achieved, for example, by providing a good service quality, keeping the donor informed what the organization is doing to reach their goal, but also how their money is being spent. For instance, if a manager of a large non-profit organization has an absurd high salary, people will lose their trust in the organization because they are not comfortable with the way their money is being spent. Therefore we assume it is necessary for an organization to be clear about their mission in order to create donor loyalty: H2: A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive direct effect on the intention to donate. 2. 3 Income in relation to the intention to donate People with a high level of income are more likely to donate to a non-profit organization, because these people are able to buy their necessity goods, take care of their family and are overall secure enough not have to worry about an uncertain future (Knowles Gomes, 2010). You read "Donation Behavior" in category "Papers" As mentioned in the introduction, a higher level of income is defined as an income that is above standard, which is 65. 000 dollar a year. People with an income below standard are not always able to buy their necessity goods and can’t afford to donate. Let’s take students for example. They are already having problems coming around with their income and are not certain about their future, which will not lead to donating. Therefore we can posit: H3: People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. The hypothesis relationships are explained in figure 1. Figure 1 Conceptual Model Influences on donation Personal link to the cause Good brand personality Intention to donate Income Personal link to the cause Good brand personality Intention to donate Income Socio-Demographic Difference 3. Method 3. 1 Sample Procedure When it comes to analysing the intention to donate, we are confronted with large relevant population. Since there aren’t many requirements to become a donor, it is possible for anyone to donate to a non-profit organization. By approaching our unit of analysis (18+) through an online questionnaire we would like to get a better view on the intention to donate. This was done with the use of non-probability samples, where not all elements have the same chance of being included in a sample. In our case we chose for the convenience sampling, since our population is quite vague and hard to define. This way we could be unrestricted, and it is easy to perform. The disadvantages that must be dealt with when it comes to holding a survey are that questions often remain multi-interpretable, the lack depth because of limited preparedness, and the respondents are more likely to give a socially acceptable answer. Some ways to solve these problems are that every consumer must receive an e-mail invitation to participate in a survey. This gives the company a chance to make sure that the same name and contact information isn’t already assigned to another e-mail address in the system. Also a minimum time for completing an online survey can be set. This cuts down on cheaters who fly through the survey just randomly answering questions. 3. 2 Measurement instruments An online questionnaire was created for respondents to participate in the survey using the following measurement instruments. Independent variables Personal link to the cause was measured with four ways of being connected to the charity (i. e. , Someone I know has been effected by the issues dealt with by this charity, Someone I know might benefit from my support, My family has a strong link to this charity, This cause is not related to an important aspect of my life). A sum score was calculated by adding up the responses to the question whether respondents were offered these four options. Responses ranged from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Good brand personality was measured by the quality of the brand name, with the availability of seven options (i. e. , Honest, loving, compassionate, Reputable, Committed, Reliable, Financially stable). A sum score was calculated by adding up responses to the question whether respondents were offered these Seven options. Responses on this two sum score ranged from 1(completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). Incomer was measured by asking respondents whether they had an income that was lower(0) or higher(1) than $65. 000. Dependent variable Intention to donate was measured with three statements: â€Å"Unlikely-Likely, Improbable-probable, Uncertain-certain†. Respondents could answer on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (completely disagree) to 7 (completely agree). 3. 3 Statistical analyses With the purpose of testing the three hypotheses presented above, three analyses are performed. In order to test the first hypothesis (A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to do) a regression analysis will be calculated between the personal link to the cause and the intention to. The second hypothesis (A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate) is also tested via a regression analysis in which a higher good brand personality has an effect on the intention to donate. The third hypothesis (People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income) is tested by means of an independent samples t-test. For all analyses, test values (r in case of the regressions and t in case of the t-test) with a significance of p?. 05 are deemed significant. 4. Results 4. 1 Descriptive statistics Before we start testing our hypothesis, there is a need to review the data obtained by interviewing the unit of analyses in order to check whether there are any outliers or undefined values. We reviewed the item range, percentages, means and standard deviation Results of this review are shown in table 1. Table 1 Variables, Ranges, Percentages, Means and Standard Deviation Variable| Range| Percentage| Mean, SD| Personal link to the cause| 1. 25 – 7. 00 | -| M= 4. 80; SD = 1. 03| Good brand personality| 2. 14 – 6. 34| -| M = 4. 60; SD = 0. 90| Income| 0 – 1| 0. (less than 65,000) = 47%1. (more than 65,000) = 53%| -| Intention to donate| 1. 0 – 7. 00| -| M= 4. 95; SD=0. 90| Seemingly, the data collected do not hold any outliers. Therefore the next step can be taken, which is to construe these descriptive analyses. As can be seen in the table above, in a general sense the respondents interpreted a personal link to the cause and a good brand personality quite h igh. The data shows that on average the respondents offered both, personal link as a good brand personality a 5. The income division is almost 50-50, and in a general sense the respondents had an above average intention to donate. Now we move on to the hypothesis testing analyze. The overall fit of the model: The 5. 9% of the variance of the dependent variable is explained by the model including the two independent variables. 4. 2 A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (Hypothesis 1) Hypothesis 1 was tested with a regression analysis. This way we can determine whether a (higher) personal link to the cause also leads also to the intention to donate. The raw SPSS output will be given in Appendix 1. As indicated by the analysis, the regression reveals a positive and insignificant effect between a personal link and the intention to donate (? -. 053 p;0. 26). Therefore, we have to reject Hypothesis 1. 4. 3 A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. (Hypothesis 2) Hypothesis 2 was also tested with a regression analysis. This way we can determine whether a good brand personality leads to an intention to donate. The raw SPSS output will be given in Appendix 1. As indi cated by the analysis, the regression reveals a positive and significant effect between a personal link and the intention to donate (? =0. 26, p;0. 001). Therefore, we Hypothesis 2 is supported. . 4 People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. (Hypothesis 3) Hypothesis 3 was tested with an independent samples t-test. The raw SPSS output is given in Appendix 1. As indicated by the t-test, people with a higher income (M=5. 11) are significantly more likely to donate than people with a lower income (M=4. 86). (p ; 0. 02). Therefore, Hypothesis 3 is supported. In table 2 a summary of this study’s hypotheses will be given as well as the results of all hypothesis-testing analyses. Table 2 Summary of hypothesis and results Hypothesis| Result| H1: A personal link to the cause has a positive effect on the intention to donate. | Not supported| H2: A good brand personality of a non-profit organization has a positive effect on the intention to donate. | Supported| H3: People with higher income are more likely to donate than people with lower income. | Supported| 5. Conclusion and Discussion 5. 1 Conclusions In this study we have discussed two different factors (a personal link to the cause and brand personality) that have an effect on the intention to donate between people with higher income and people with lower income. According to the results of our regression analysis, people who have a personal link to the cause of a non-profit organization are not more likely to donate then people who don’t have a personal link to the non-profit organization. A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is that a personal link to the cause is an important factor for these organizations, but not sufficient for people to become more likely to donate. Previous studies have shown that there is a significant difference in the intention to donate and a personal link to the cause (Sargeant ; Woodliffe 2007). A possible explanation for this unexpected finding is that there were not a lot of people in our survey who had a personal link to the cause. As we expected from our hypothesis people are indeed more likely to donate to a non profit organization with a good brand personality than to an organization with a perverse brand personality. The expected difference in the intention to donate between people with a higher income and people with a lower income was found in our analysis. According to our data, people are indeed more likely to donate when their income becomes higher. With this information we can conclude that people take their income into account when it comes to making a donation. 5. 2 Shortcomings and future research One of the shortcomings of our study lies in the fact that we might have had some multi-interpretable questions with the lack of depth because of limited preparedness. A second restriction is that our analysis might be influenced by some personal bias. It could be that people were influenced to give a social responsible answer. The third limitation is based on the fact that all our data was collected at one point at the time. If we would have found for example that people with a personal link to the cause were more likely to donate, we still could not conclude that this will always be the case; therefore you have to collect data over a longer period of time. If we sum up all shortcomings, future research on the intention to donate should focus on taking the survey separately, so that people could not influence each other and therefore not the outcome of the data. The data should be collected over a longer period of time to get a better insight if people with a higher income change their donation behavior. . 3 Theoretical implications What do we learn from this study? Was existing theory confirmed or rejected? One theoretical assumption of this research is that a personal link to the cause and brand personality would lead to a higher intention to donate. This study shows however that this is not necessarily true according to the personal link to the cause of a nonprofit organization. Moreover, this researc h has shown that a higher income would have a positive effect on the intention to donate, as we expected. 5. 4 Practical implications One of the most important implications of the results we have found is that in practice non-profit organizations should not only focus on a certain group of potential donors, but also come in contact with them through information. This way the donor will feel like a part of the organization as a whole. By letting the donors know what their future plans, initiatives and successes are. These organizations should try to find active donors who will eventually become dedicated to their cause and will donate themselves. References Smith, N. 2011, August 2), Charities ‘hit by funding cuts’ BBC News UK. Retrieved 16 November 2011 from http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/uk-politics-14366522 McKenna, T and Noble, C. (2009, March 3). Non profit Finance Fund Survey: America’s Nonprofit in danger. Non profit finance fund. Retrieved16 November 2011 from http://nonprofitfinancefund. org/news/2009/nonprofit-finance-fund-survey-americas-nonprofits-danger Rabe Thomase, J. (2010, June 21) In recession, non-profit agencies see volunteers increase as funding shrinks. The CT Mirror. Retrieved 11 November 2011 from http://ctmirror. rg/story/6460/non-profits-gaining%20volunteers bfy. (2008) Non-profits in Carlisle: History of Non-profits in the U. S. Carlisle History.. Retrieved 18 November 2011 from http://carlislehistory. dickinson. edu/? page_id=278 bfy. (n. d. ) Knowledge Base. Grant space. Retrieved 11 November 2011 from http://grantspace. org/Tools/Knowledge-Base/Funding-Research/Statistics/Number-of-nonprofits-in-the-U. S n. d. The Jakarta post,. Retrieved 23 November 2011 from: http://www. thejakartapost. com/news/2011/10/26/lawmakers-accuse-greenpeace-illegal-activities. tml Brunel, F. F. , and Nelson. M. R. (2000). Explaining Gendered Responses to â€Å"Help-Self† and â€Å"Help-Others† Charity Ad Appeals: The Mediating Role of World-Views. Journal of Advertising, XXIX (3), 15-28. Knowles, P. , Gomes, R. (2010). Building Relationships with Major- Gift Donors: A Major-Gift Decision-Making, Relationship-Building Model. Journal of Nonprofit Public Sector Marketing, 21 (4), 384-406. Sargeant, A. , Woodliffe, L. (2007). Building Donor Loyalty: The Antecedents and Role of Commitment in the Context of Charity Giving. Journal of Nonprofit Public Sector Marketing, 18 (2), 47-68. Venable, B. T. , Rose, G. M. , Bush, V. D. , Gilbert, F. W. (2005). The Role of Brand Personality in Charitable Giving: An Assessment and Validation. Academy of Marketing Science, 33 (3), 295-312. White, K. , Peloza, J. (2009). Self-Benefit Versus Other-Benefit Marketing Appeals: Their Effectiveness in Generating Charitable Support. Journal of Marketing, 73 (July), 109-124. Appendix 1. Raw SPSS Output Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 2 Regression Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLinka| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | b. Dependent Variable: Mean_intention| Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| ,242a| ,059| ,054| ,86641| a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLink| ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 17,971| 2| 8,985| 11,970| ,000a| | Residual| 289,004| 385| ,751| | | | Total| 306,975| 387| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Mean_Brandpersonality, Mean_PersonalLink| b. Dependent Variable: Mean_intention| Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 4,012| ,258| | 15,523| ,000| | Mean_PersonalLink| -,053| ,048| -,062| -1,122| ,263| | Mean_Brandpersonality| ,258| ,054| ,262| 4,780| ,000| Hypothesis 3 T-test Group Statistics| | What is your current income| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| Std. Error Mean| Mean_intention| = 3| 152| 4,8618| ,90656| ,07353| | 3| 135| 5,1136| ,89235| ,07680| How to cite Donation Behavior, Papers

Do Television Shows, Movies and Video Games Increase Violence free essay sample

While the public majority understands that the media has led to an increase in youth violence, factors such as poor parenting, violent victimization and social delinquency contribute to violence in society as well. The incident at Columbine, Colorado revealed that the shooters were avid video game players. Poor parenting creates an environment for violent tendencies in children. According to study done by The Centers for Disease Control, a child is likely to develop aggressive behavior as a means for craving attention from his uninvolved parents (Grossman). Such children throw tantrum to get what they want and even turn out to be bullies since parents are not there to train them as to virtues of good social upbringing. Maggie Cutler’s article entitled,† Whodunit – the Media? † explains that the juvenile crime rate was reported to have dropped 30% during the same period (1989- 1999) that the Parents Television Council announced a tripling in per hour rate of sexual and violent material and coarse language on TV (684). We will write a custom essay sample on Do Television Shows, Movies and Video Games Increase Violence? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This contradiction in facts can only mean that other factors were involved in this reduction in juvenile crime rate. The media is cited as a risk factor that works in conjunction with other factors to contribute to youth violence. Violent victimization of children includes abuse by parents or caregivers. A victim of child abuse is more likely to relate violence as a means for solving their issues in life. If such a child is exposed to violent media, he is likely to respond and imitate situations. On the other hand, a normal child exposed to the same scene through the media would most probably watch it passively as entertainment, since he can’t relate it to his immediate surroundings. Studies on media violence suffer the ambiguity of correlation. For instance the studies that show boys tend to watch more violent content on TV, yet the studies can’t admittedly show exactly why or how that happens (Cutler 686). The same study would not explain why a child who grows up watching Sesame Street ends up as a school bully. In the event, it is found that he is not getting enough attention or suffered abuse at the hands of the parents, but the media is not relevant to his behavior. Behavior in children can be linked to a variety of influencing factors, one of which is social delinquency. Social delinquency is promoted by negative peer pressure. To avoid social rejection, a kid would do what peers do. A child who hangs out with violent drug dealers and gun wielding gang members will most definitely be drawn into their antisocial behavior. Playing violent video games will not turn a child into juvenile murderer, but handling guns and hanging around a violent gang probably will (Cooke 2000). A report by the U. S. Senate in 1999 entitled â€Å"Children, Violence and the Media† explains that 50% of children have a television in their rooms, and 88. 7% of homes with children have home video games, a computer or both (Lawrence). The article concludes that while media contributes to youth violence, its effect is small compared with many possible causes like parental attitude and experience with real violence in real life. However, the role of media in increasing youth violence cannot be overlooked. From a tender age, children learn to imitate. Most parents admit that their children learned the alphabet from watching Big Bird and Elmo recite it on Sesame Street. What is to stop a child from imitating the violent shows of heroism in modern day cartoons like Power Rangers, or the stealing, beating, strangling and hacking shown in Grand Theft Auto III video game? According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Eventually, a child used to seeing violence repeatedly in the media becomes conditioned to think of violence as common behavior and would have no difficulty in displaying violent behavior (Lawrence). The violence committed by the youth has far deeper root in other causes. Much of the researches done on media violence has contradicting results. The questionability of statistical correlations used in these studies punctured their credibility. We are left with real life causes that are real pointers to the increase of violence amongst the youth. Poor parenting, juvenile delinquency and child abuse are just but a few of the factors of the social risks that increase juvenile violence. A stable family background would consist of concerned parents who monitor their children’s environment, including the media, and guide their behavior. The parents should not abandon the responsibility for the education of their children, they need to step up to the plate and be the primal guidance counselor for their children.